The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that killed millions and fix the continent of Europe on the path to further calamity two decades later . But it did n’t come out of nowhere . With the centenary of the outbreak of ill will amount up in 2014 , Erik Sass will be looking back at the lead - up to the war , when seemingly modest second of friction accumulated until the situation was quick to explode . He ’ll be comprehend those events 100 old age after they occurred . This is the 89th instalment in the serial .
October 18-20, 1913: Serbs Back Down, But Kaiser Warns of Coming Race War
In October 1913 , Franz Josef ( top)—Emperor of Austria , Apostolic King of Hungary , King of Bohemia , Croatia , Galicia and Lodomeria , and Grand Duke of Krakow — was 83 years old and no longer in the better of wellness . The aged milkweed butterfly understandably desire to live out his fall year in peace , enjoy the company of his longtime companion ( and perhaps mistress ) the beautiful actress Katharina von Schratt , take the gentle wind at the recourse township of Bad Ischl or tea at the imperial palace of Schönbrunn in Vienna .
But Franz Josef was also a dutiful sovereign , motivated by touch sensation of responsibility to his subjects and the ancient house of Hapsburg to preserve and pass on his royal inheritance entire . This mean catch off various internal and outside danger , many of them tie , including nationalist movements among Austria - Hungary ’s many minority populations and military threats from Russia and Italy — Great Power rivals who hop to dismember the Empire and annex bordering territories .
What ’s more , it was wide feared that Russia was further its Balkan node United States Department of State , Serbia , to trigger the Empire ’s final crackup by stirring up dissent among its southerly Slav populations ; these fears were only heightened by Serbia ’s enlargement in the Balkan Wars and its continued tampering in the novel nation of Albania , culminating in aninvasionin September 1913 . By openly defying Austria - Hungary , Serbia threatened to decrease the Empire ’s prestigiousness and even call into doubtfulness its status as a Great Power .
All this was frighten off enough , but Franz Josef ’s labor was further complicated by differences of opinion among his top officials and advisors . On one mitt , foreman of faculty Conrad von Hötzendorfarguedthat Serbia indeed baffle an existential terror to Austria - Hungary , which could only be ended by warfare , and by October 1913 , the bellicose chief of staff had also persuade Franz Josef ’s foreign parson , Count Leopold von Berchtold , that Serbia had to be dealt with militarily ; in their purview , the Serbian intrusion of Albania offer an idealistic opportunity to settle history . OpposingConrad was the inheritor to the throne , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , who warn that attacking Serbia would bring Austria - Hungary into battle with Russia , with potentially disastrous result .
But in the authoritarian Dual Monarchy the ultimate decision rest with Franz Josef . After ab initio side with Franz Ferdinand , in mid - October the Emperor , doubtless dismayed by Belgrade ’s defiant responses to several “ well-disposed monition ” from Berchtold , decided to split the difference : Austria - Hungary would once again threaten to mobilize its troops against Serbia if the latter did n’t remove its troops from Albania immediately . Hopefully Serbia would comply , resolving the problem without state of war — but at the end of the day the old Emperor was quick to fight to protect his imperium ’s interests .
On October 18 , 1913 , Berchtold sent a note to the Serbian political science in Belgrade state : “ It is essential in the oculus of the Imperial and Royal political science that the Serbian government shall proceed to the immediate recall of the troops … who … absorb territorial dominion forming part of Albania … Failing this , the Imperial and Royal government will to its smashing ruefulness obtain itself compelled to have resort to the appropriate mean to assure the fulfillment of its demand . ” He give the Serbs one hebdomad to comply .
The Serbs , who face more rebellions in Macedonia as well as continue hostility from Bulgaria , cave almost at once : On October 20 , the Serbian ambassador to Vienna , Jovan Jovanović , promised Berchtold that the Serbian USA were being withdrawn behind the borders agreed at the Conference of London , and on October 25 Belgrade follow up with a 2nd note announce that the withdrawal was complete . Yet another Balkan crisis had been resolved peacefully .
But several unfortunate precedents had been set . For one matter , while Berchtold cautiously trace up support from Austria - Hungary ’s German friend , he did n’t confer with with the other Great Powers before delivering the ultimatum . This meant Britain , France , Italy , and Russia never had a chance to interpose , for example by warning Serbia to withdraw or carry Austria - Hungary to chair its position , as Italyhadin the crisis of July 1913 . Because everything work out , the other Great Powers did n’t protest ( too much ) and Berchtold drew the conclusion that Austria - Hungary could go it alone in the Balkans , dealing with Serbia one - on - one without interference from the other Great Powers . In July 1914 this Assumption of Mary would bear witness sadly mistaken .
Meanwhile , Germany ’s leaders — already paranoid about being “ encircled ” by France , Russia , and Britain — feared losing their only ally , as the rise of Slavonic patriotism threatened Austria - Hungary with disintegration . The only remedy for Serbian defiance , they felt , was warfare . On October 18 , 1913 , Kaiser Wilhelm II told Conrad , who was natter Germany for the centennial solemnization of Napoleon ’s frustration at Leipzig : “ I go with you . The other [ Powers ] are not prepare , they will not do anything about it . In a few 24-hour interval you will be in Belgrade . I was always a supporter of peace , but there are limits . ”
As always , Germany ’s loss leader were haunted byanxietyabout a looming “ racial war ” between Teutons and Slavs . Meeting with Berchtold during a visit to Vienna on October 26 , Wilhelm shared his reverence about the “ powerful forward surge of the Slavs , ” discourage that “ warfare between East and West was in the farseeing trial inevitable . ” He elaborated : “ The Slavs are born not to rule but to obey , ” and if Serbia did n’t comply with Vienna ’s demands , “ Belgrade shall be pelt and occupied until the will of His Majesty [ Franz Josef ] has been carried out . And you’re able to be sure that I will back you and am quick to draw the saber any time your action makes it necessary . ”
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